What did you learn about the Holocaust that you did not know before the reading
When Did Hitler Decide on the Final Solution?
I was unaware that there was a debate as to when Hitler ordered the Final Solution. Also, the fact that Heinrich Himmler appeared troubled after being informed of the Final Solution shows that no matter what, human decency fails in light of ideology. I was unaware that Hitler blamed the Jews for the cause of the first World War, let alone the second World War, and for this, he chose to exterminate them. Finally, I was unaware that camps and alternative methods of elimination were considered just to avoid the public spectacle that ensued when shooting down Jews.
Albert Speers "Edifice of Lies"
I have never heard of Albert Speers, let alone a "Good Nazi." I was unaware of the "Posen Speech" given by Heinrich Himmler and the implications it had on Nazi officers.
The Jewishness of the Holocaust
I was unaware that the Nazi party was around for 25 years. I was unaware that the order to eliminate all Jews came in 2 separate orders, kill all eastern European Jews and then kill all European Jews. I was unaware that the Nazi’s believed Communism to be a creation of the Jews. I was unaware that the constant target of the Final Solution was strictly the Jews. I had always imagined it to be the elimination of all non-Germans. I was also unaware that the Holocaust was coined as such mainly to describe the "Jewish aspect of the Final Solution."
Tuesday, October 14, 2008
Response to Religious Literature: Bhagavad Gita
1.
Arjuna looks over the battlefield to see that it is occupied by family and friends. This saddens him. The atrocities that await Arjuna and his people force him to question the necessity of this war. He realizes that he will not be killing an enemy, he’ll be killing those he respects and loves. He questions whether or not killing on the battlefield is murder. Arjuna cries out to Krishna for an answer.
2.
Krishna comes to Arjuna on the battlefield. Krishna questions Arjuna’s sudden hesitancy in fulfilling his duty as a warrior. Arjuna explains to Krishna that he does not want kill people he knows. Arjuna begs Krishna for understanding. Krishna goes on to explain to Arjuna that he will not be a murderer if he fights on the battlefield. Krishna explains to Arjuna the cycle of life and death and how it is relevant to the task at hand. Krishna urges Arjuna to fight. Krishna explains to Arjuna that it is his duty to fight. Krishna also explains the importance of yoga and its impact on the practitioner.
3.
Arjuna questions Krishna why it is paramount that he fight. Krishna explains to Arjuna that no one can ever be without action. Krishna goes on to explain that action without attachment is divine, therefore, Arjuna should fight because he will be doing Krishna’s bidding. Krishna points out that if he does not fight, Arjuna will not be dutiful to Krishna. Krishna urges Arjuna to be dutiful and to fight on his behalf.
8.
Arjuna questions Krishna on what it is to be the best of all men. Krishna reminds Arjuna that the one who remembers Krishna is the best of all men. That the one who is fixated on Krishna shall join him in the world beyond the material. Krishna reminds Arjuna of the importance of yoga and meditation, they are the tools that will keep Arjuna close to Krishna.
11.
Arjuna asks Krishna to allow him to see his true form. Krishna grants Arjuna the ability to see his divine form. Arjuna is astounded by the infiniteness of Krishna. Arjuna is amazed that Krishna is all things. After a while, the spectacle of Krishna’s true form is too much for Arjuna to handle. Krishna informs Arjuna that he has revealed his true form to him because Krishna an d Arjuna are of one spirit. Krishna then reveals his human form to Arjuna as an act of comfort.
Arjuna looks over the battlefield to see that it is occupied by family and friends. This saddens him. The atrocities that await Arjuna and his people force him to question the necessity of this war. He realizes that he will not be killing an enemy, he’ll be killing those he respects and loves. He questions whether or not killing on the battlefield is murder. Arjuna cries out to Krishna for an answer.
2.
Krishna comes to Arjuna on the battlefield. Krishna questions Arjuna’s sudden hesitancy in fulfilling his duty as a warrior. Arjuna explains to Krishna that he does not want kill people he knows. Arjuna begs Krishna for understanding. Krishna goes on to explain to Arjuna that he will not be a murderer if he fights on the battlefield. Krishna explains to Arjuna the cycle of life and death and how it is relevant to the task at hand. Krishna urges Arjuna to fight. Krishna explains to Arjuna that it is his duty to fight. Krishna also explains the importance of yoga and its impact on the practitioner.
3.
Arjuna questions Krishna why it is paramount that he fight. Krishna explains to Arjuna that no one can ever be without action. Krishna goes on to explain that action without attachment is divine, therefore, Arjuna should fight because he will be doing Krishna’s bidding. Krishna points out that if he does not fight, Arjuna will not be dutiful to Krishna. Krishna urges Arjuna to be dutiful and to fight on his behalf.
8.
Arjuna questions Krishna on what it is to be the best of all men. Krishna reminds Arjuna that the one who remembers Krishna is the best of all men. That the one who is fixated on Krishna shall join him in the world beyond the material. Krishna reminds Arjuna of the importance of yoga and meditation, they are the tools that will keep Arjuna close to Krishna.
11.
Arjuna asks Krishna to allow him to see his true form. Krishna grants Arjuna the ability to see his divine form. Arjuna is astounded by the infiniteness of Krishna. Arjuna is amazed that Krishna is all things. After a while, the spectacle of Krishna’s true form is too much for Arjuna to handle. Krishna informs Arjuna that he has revealed his true form to him because Krishna an d Arjuna are of one spirit. Krishna then reveals his human form to Arjuna as an act of comfort.
Thursday, October 9, 2008
Response to Religious Literature: The Analects of Confucius
Jen
Jen is to know and love your fellow man. It is selfless action in efforts to promote others. It is to treat others as you want to be treated. It is about be just and kind. It is about accepting where you are in you life. It is about being virtuous and dutiful.
The Superior Man
The superior man is a sincere and humble man of righteousness and honor. He is ruled by virtue. He is reflective and independent. He is not ruled by fear and understand fear to be nothing more than an obstacle meant to be overcome. He is always moving forward and never stuck in the past. He is a man of dignity and society. He is strong when strength is needed. He is in awe of the heavens, other great men, and the wisdom of sages.
Li (Rites 4)
Li is respect, carefulness, boldness, and straightforwardness as determined by "the rules of propriety." It is the honoring of virtues and rules which govern us.
Yueh (Music)
The Master explains the importance of synchronicity and how our lives must be harmonious with our surroundings.
Learning and Teaching
It is acknowledged that the Master is free of conclusion, predetermination, stubbornness, and ego.
The Master claims that all men are initially alike but differ once they have become learned. He explains the differences of man. He claims that men are born with knowledge, acquire knowledge, or are just plain dumb. He explains that the sharing of knowledge takes proper thinking. The acquisition of knowledge requires the same. One need not impose limitations on self when teaching or learning or both. Adherence to the reasons for learning and the rules that govern us will insure that one never strays from the proper path. One must choose to learn for the sake of learning and no other reason. To be a learned man is to be free from the complexities of life and the minutia that engulfs our everyday reality.
Government
The Master explains government. The government is responsible for sustenance, military protection, and a competent leader, with the latter being most important. He explains that leaders should be always be of clear mind and consistent in leadership. The Master explains that a nation is a reflection of it’s leader. He explains that the government and leadership should be in unison with its populace.
Rectifying the Names
Confucius explains that proper leadership will lead to dutiful citizens. He explains that the correction of names leads to truth in language, which in turn leads to truth in all things.
Jen is to know and love your fellow man. It is selfless action in efforts to promote others. It is to treat others as you want to be treated. It is about be just and kind. It is about accepting where you are in you life. It is about being virtuous and dutiful.
The Superior Man
The superior man is a sincere and humble man of righteousness and honor. He is ruled by virtue. He is reflective and independent. He is not ruled by fear and understand fear to be nothing more than an obstacle meant to be overcome. He is always moving forward and never stuck in the past. He is a man of dignity and society. He is strong when strength is needed. He is in awe of the heavens, other great men, and the wisdom of sages.
Li (Rites 4)
Li is respect, carefulness, boldness, and straightforwardness as determined by "the rules of propriety." It is the honoring of virtues and rules which govern us.
Yueh (Music)
The Master explains the importance of synchronicity and how our lives must be harmonious with our surroundings.
Learning and Teaching
It is acknowledged that the Master is free of conclusion, predetermination, stubbornness, and ego.
The Master claims that all men are initially alike but differ once they have become learned. He explains the differences of man. He claims that men are born with knowledge, acquire knowledge, or are just plain dumb. He explains that the sharing of knowledge takes proper thinking. The acquisition of knowledge requires the same. One need not impose limitations on self when teaching or learning or both. Adherence to the reasons for learning and the rules that govern us will insure that one never strays from the proper path. One must choose to learn for the sake of learning and no other reason. To be a learned man is to be free from the complexities of life and the minutia that engulfs our everyday reality.
Government
The Master explains government. The government is responsible for sustenance, military protection, and a competent leader, with the latter being most important. He explains that leaders should be always be of clear mind and consistent in leadership. The Master explains that a nation is a reflection of it’s leader. He explains that the government and leadership should be in unison with its populace.
Rectifying the Names
Confucius explains that proper leadership will lead to dutiful citizens. He explains that the correction of names leads to truth in language, which in turn leads to truth in all things.
yahoo post #13 (optional)
Jesus from Jewish sources
Josephus on Jesus
There lived a man named Jesus who was capable of godly acts. Through his teaching and feats he was able to amass a following of people. He came to be known as the Messiah. His claims brought him before Pilate and thus was condemned and crucified. His crucifixion did not diminish his following. On the third day following his death, Jesus appeared to his followers. Jesus fulfilled the prophecy.
Celus on Jesus
Jesus was born to a poor working woman who was accused of adultery by her husband. After his birth, Jesus was a working boy in Egypt. While in Egypt, Jesus was able to learn magic and the dark arts. Upon his return home, Jesus made himself out to be a god.
Tertullian Mocks Jewish ‘Slanders’
Jesus was mocked the Jews and accused of being a bastard and rule breaker who was possessed by the devil. Upon his return, Tertullian is lambasting the Jews for their cruelty and erroneous ways.
Yeshu and Joshua b. Perachiah
Yeshua and Joshua ben Perachiah fled Jerusalem to Alexandria. They only returned after receiving a letter from Rabbi Simeon ben Shetach. On their way home, Yeshua and Joshua stopped by an unattractive inn. Joshua sent Yeshua away because he thought Yeshua viewed things from a negative viewpoint. When Yeshua tried to get Joshua’s forgiveness, Joshua shooed him away. Yeshua concluded that sinners are and purveyors of sin are beyond redemption.
Simeon ben Azzai finds a Genealogy
Jesus is the bastard son of an adulteress.
Evidence of Innocence Sought in Vain
Jesus was executed during the time of the Passover. He was accused of practicing magic and the dark arts and corrupting the people of Israel into straying from God. When chance came for him to be spared his fate, no one came to his aid.
Jesus’ Students/Disciples
Jesus had 5 disciples. All were executed because scripture called for it.
Toledoth Yeshu
A certain unsavory man named Joseph Pandera tricked a naive, married girl named Miriam into having sex with him. When the truth of his trickery was revealed and with Miriam pregnant, Miriam’s husband abandoned her and left for Babylonia.
Miriam gave birth to Jesus. From the onset, Jesus showed a lack of respect for the traditions and teachings of the tribe. Due to his unruly behavior, the truth of Jesus’ conception came to light.
There existed a temple that contained the true name of God. Anyone who was able to obtain and retain the true name of God would possess God’s powers. Jesus found out the true name of God and was able to retain it, thus, using God’s powers on earth. Jesus was able to amass a following because of his godlike powers. Jesus started to quote scripture and proclaim himself the Messiah. Jesus was intent on fulfilling the scriptures. This upset the Sages.
The Sages tried to have Jesus arrested when they brought him up on charges before the Queen but he was able to convince her otherwise. He did so by raising the dead. The Sages were reprimanded by the Queen and embarrassed by Jesus. Much later, the Sages convinced the Queen to bring Jesus up on charges. This time Jesus was proclaiming himself to be the Son of God. Much like the first time, Jesus was able to convince the Queen otherwise. He was able to levitate himself. Again, the Sages were reprimanded by the Queen and embarrassed by Jesus.
The Sages would try once more to have the Queen bring Jesus on charges. On this third time, they brought with them Judas. The Sages gave Judas the true name of God so that he will be able to offset anything Jesus would do. Their ruse worked. Jesus was convicted and sentenced to death.
After his death, Jesus’ disciples tried to convince the Queen she had murdered the Messiah. To prove their claim, they want to exhume his grave to show that there was no body and it has ascended to heaven. The Queen immediately put forth a proclamation that called for the body of Jesus. Upon hearing this notice, a gardener removed Jesus’ body from it’s grave to insure that Jesus’ disciples would not be proven truthful. The Sages were able to retrieve Jesus’ body from the gardener and prove to the Queen that Jesus was a mere mortal. It would take Paul’s proclamation that he was a disciple of Jesus to redeem Jesus.
Josephus on Jesus
There lived a man named Jesus who was capable of godly acts. Through his teaching and feats he was able to amass a following of people. He came to be known as the Messiah. His claims brought him before Pilate and thus was condemned and crucified. His crucifixion did not diminish his following. On the third day following his death, Jesus appeared to his followers. Jesus fulfilled the prophecy.
Celus on Jesus
Jesus was born to a poor working woman who was accused of adultery by her husband. After his birth, Jesus was a working boy in Egypt. While in Egypt, Jesus was able to learn magic and the dark arts. Upon his return home, Jesus made himself out to be a god.
Tertullian Mocks Jewish ‘Slanders’
Jesus was mocked the Jews and accused of being a bastard and rule breaker who was possessed by the devil. Upon his return, Tertullian is lambasting the Jews for their cruelty and erroneous ways.
Yeshu and Joshua b. Perachiah
Yeshua and Joshua ben Perachiah fled Jerusalem to Alexandria. They only returned after receiving a letter from Rabbi Simeon ben Shetach. On their way home, Yeshua and Joshua stopped by an unattractive inn. Joshua sent Yeshua away because he thought Yeshua viewed things from a negative viewpoint. When Yeshua tried to get Joshua’s forgiveness, Joshua shooed him away. Yeshua concluded that sinners are and purveyors of sin are beyond redemption.
Simeon ben Azzai finds a Genealogy
Jesus is the bastard son of an adulteress.
Evidence of Innocence Sought in Vain
Jesus was executed during the time of the Passover. He was accused of practicing magic and the dark arts and corrupting the people of Israel into straying from God. When chance came for him to be spared his fate, no one came to his aid.
Jesus’ Students/Disciples
Jesus had 5 disciples. All were executed because scripture called for it.
Toledoth Yeshu
A certain unsavory man named Joseph Pandera tricked a naive, married girl named Miriam into having sex with him. When the truth of his trickery was revealed and with Miriam pregnant, Miriam’s husband abandoned her and left for Babylonia.
Miriam gave birth to Jesus. From the onset, Jesus showed a lack of respect for the traditions and teachings of the tribe. Due to his unruly behavior, the truth of Jesus’ conception came to light.
There existed a temple that contained the true name of God. Anyone who was able to obtain and retain the true name of God would possess God’s powers. Jesus found out the true name of God and was able to retain it, thus, using God’s powers on earth. Jesus was able to amass a following because of his godlike powers. Jesus started to quote scripture and proclaim himself the Messiah. Jesus was intent on fulfilling the scriptures. This upset the Sages.
The Sages tried to have Jesus arrested when they brought him up on charges before the Queen but he was able to convince her otherwise. He did so by raising the dead. The Sages were reprimanded by the Queen and embarrassed by Jesus. Much later, the Sages convinced the Queen to bring Jesus up on charges. This time Jesus was proclaiming himself to be the Son of God. Much like the first time, Jesus was able to convince the Queen otherwise. He was able to levitate himself. Again, the Sages were reprimanded by the Queen and embarrassed by Jesus.
The Sages would try once more to have the Queen bring Jesus on charges. On this third time, they brought with them Judas. The Sages gave Judas the true name of God so that he will be able to offset anything Jesus would do. Their ruse worked. Jesus was convicted and sentenced to death.
After his death, Jesus’ disciples tried to convince the Queen she had murdered the Messiah. To prove their claim, they want to exhume his grave to show that there was no body and it has ascended to heaven. The Queen immediately put forth a proclamation that called for the body of Jesus. Upon hearing this notice, a gardener removed Jesus’ body from it’s grave to insure that Jesus’ disciples would not be proven truthful. The Sages were able to retrieve Jesus’ body from the gardener and prove to the Queen that Jesus was a mere mortal. It would take Paul’s proclamation that he was a disciple of Jesus to redeem Jesus.
yahoo post #12
Give a detailed summary of the material presented in this chapter.
Christianity has 3 factions, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism. All three have a central focus, Jesus Christ. For the Roman Catholics, Christianity is based on the concepts of "Teaching Authority and Sacramental Agent." Teaching Authority to the Roman Catholics is the belief that Jesus was God incarnate and he came to earth to give life lessons that better prepare us for the afterlife. This, in turn, leads to the idea that the Pope is God’s voice on earth and because he is speaking on behalf of God concerning matters of the human soul, he is free of error. In regards to the Sacramental Agent, the Roman Catholic Church piggybacks Teaching Authority in that it acts as the Agent that helps us do what the Pope tells us is best for our soul and salvation. The Roman Catholic Church promotes the seven sacraments of life which are Baptism, Confirmed (confirmation), Holy Matrimony (marriage), Holy Orders, Sacrament of the Sick, Reconciliation (confession), and Mass. Also, the Roman Catholic Church believe that the Holy "Trinity dwells in every Christian soul" and only through prayer and confession can one possibly experience God’s grace.
For Eastern Orthodoxy, although it shares quite a bit with Roman Catholicism, such as the Sacraments and "intent regarding the Teaching Authority", it differs in regards to interpreting scripture and how those interpretations come about. In Eastern Orthodoxy, the "developments’ of doctrine" conducted by the Roman Catholic Church are viewed as "additions" which are a necessity of faith. Also, since Eastern Orthodoxy does not have a Pope to lead their church, any decisions made, anything resembling a final word concerning the human soul, faith, and salvation is left to "the conscience of the Church" or the people of the church. The people are the conscience of the Church because, as Christians, they are a part of the God and Christ and, as a result, are a part of each other. Within Eastern Orthodoxy, salvation is a team effort; the Church and it parishioners are bound by faith. This extends beyond the pews into pulpit. The bound is so great within Eastern Orthodoxy that the parishioners elect church officials and have a voice in the dogmas it practices. Also, Eastern Orthodoxy encourages the active pursuit of God’s grace.
For Protestantism, Christianity is based on the concepts of "Justification by Faith and the Protestant Principle." Justification by Faith is the believing with your entire being. It’s believing with your body, heart, and mind. The Protestants believe that nothing the church has to offer matters unless it moves you to the core. Unless one is touched body, heart, and mind by what is being preached, the teachings amount to "mere mouthings." Why must they be touched body, heart, and mind? Believing body, heart, and mind convinces one that they are experiencing "God’s love" and when one experiences "God’s love" they are compelled to act from the good with genuine volition. In regards to the Protestant Principle, "it warns against idolatry" of any form or nature.
Yet, who is this Jesus that Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism believe in? To answer this, one would have to review the Jesus of history and the Jesus of faith. The Jesus of history, was born at or about four B.C. in Palestine and raised in Nazareth. He was baptized by John the Baptist. While in his thirties, Jesus developed a following of disciples due to his abilities to teach and heal. Soon he upset the majority, which included Jews and Romans. He was crucified as a result of his teachings and the message he was spreading. Jesus used the idea of God and the promise of a coming Messiah to "alleviate suffering and seek a new social order." He was able to so by three proclamations, "The Spirit of the Lord is upon me," "By the Spirit of God I cast out demons," and "Thy kingdom come, on earth." By proclaiming that the "Spirit of the Lord is upon me," Jesus is stating that he is the fulfillment of a prophecy. He is here to give monotheism a facelift. Man and God, man and the spirit world would no longer be separated. Jesus is stating that he has the power to affect change because he has the Spirit of God within him. By proclaiming "By the Spirit of God I cast out demons," Jesus is stating that he is here to exorcize not just the Jews but all of humanity of its wickedness. This was intended to promote community amongst inhabitants of earth. Finally, by proclaiming "Thy kingdom come, on earth," Jesus is stating that change can come about via civil disobedience. This started by challenging traditional customs and practice amongst the Jews. Jesus did believe that God was strictly for the "Chosen Ones." He believed that God was accessible to everyone, Jews and Gentiles alike. It must be noted that his was strictly a challenging of the social order and reaffirmation of God’s role in the lives of every human being.
The Jesus of Faith is arriving at via three descriptions, "He went about doing good," "Never spoke man thus," and "We have seen his glory." Jesus is described as going about doing good because he never placed much emphasis on his miraculous deeds. His intentions to make God accessible to everyone and to change the social order allowed for him to travel in many circles with relative ease. Because he was completely unaffected by the social rules of his time, many believed that this is how God would act if he were human. When Jesus is described as speaking unlike any other because he was an excellent orator, he was urgent, quick, vivid, and raw. Most important, though, it was his message that resonated most. Jesus was teaching that God matters and God loved all of humanity, not just the "Chosen Ones." Via his teachings and sermons, Jesus was implicitly encouraging revolution, not just of the social order but of the spiritual order, as well. Finally, to those who were fortunate to have witnessed Jesus in action, they believed they have seen God in the flesh. Jesus walked the walk and talked the talk. He lived as he taught. "From the accounts that we have, his entire life was one of humility, self-giving, and love that sought not its own." Jesus saw himself as the living embodiment of God. The example he lived would be a reflection of God. Jesus was "concerned with what people thought of God." Jesus truly lived according to God’s will.
Jesus’ life as perceived by those who believed in his message kick started a new religion. From the example of Jesus’ life, a feeling of regard for fellow man and the feeling of joy lived and experienced emerged. Amongst those who heeded the message, an understanding of Agape pervaded and the knowledge of the Holy Spirit dwelt inside. As the example and message spread, the growth in believers and converts gave rise to the Church. The Church initially promoted three doctrines, "the doctrine of Incarnation," "the doctrine of the Atonement," and "the Trinity." "The doctrine of Incarnation" proclaims that Jesus was God incarnate. This is important in that what is stated is that God had such a genuine interest into the affairs of man that he was willing to experience human life and suffer as man suffers. Succinctly stated, God was Jesus and Jesus was man, therefore, Jesus the man was God. "The doctrine of the Atonement" proclaims that Jesus’ life and crucifixion freed man from original sin that Jesus’ life and death redeemed humanity. Finally, "the Trinity" proclaims that although God is one being, he encompasses the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. What is intended by this proclamation is that God is still this supernatural being but he is also a living example and this living example was moved to remind us all of God’s love for humanity by the Holy Spirit which is accessible to all of us.
Christianity has 3 factions, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism. All three have a central focus, Jesus Christ. For the Roman Catholics, Christianity is based on the concepts of "Teaching Authority and Sacramental Agent." Teaching Authority to the Roman Catholics is the belief that Jesus was God incarnate and he came to earth to give life lessons that better prepare us for the afterlife. This, in turn, leads to the idea that the Pope is God’s voice on earth and because he is speaking on behalf of God concerning matters of the human soul, he is free of error. In regards to the Sacramental Agent, the Roman Catholic Church piggybacks Teaching Authority in that it acts as the Agent that helps us do what the Pope tells us is best for our soul and salvation. The Roman Catholic Church promotes the seven sacraments of life which are Baptism, Confirmed (confirmation), Holy Matrimony (marriage), Holy Orders, Sacrament of the Sick, Reconciliation (confession), and Mass. Also, the Roman Catholic Church believe that the Holy "Trinity dwells in every Christian soul" and only through prayer and confession can one possibly experience God’s grace.
For Eastern Orthodoxy, although it shares quite a bit with Roman Catholicism, such as the Sacraments and "intent regarding the Teaching Authority", it differs in regards to interpreting scripture and how those interpretations come about. In Eastern Orthodoxy, the "developments’ of doctrine" conducted by the Roman Catholic Church are viewed as "additions" which are a necessity of faith. Also, since Eastern Orthodoxy does not have a Pope to lead their church, any decisions made, anything resembling a final word concerning the human soul, faith, and salvation is left to "the conscience of the Church" or the people of the church. The people are the conscience of the Church because, as Christians, they are a part of the God and Christ and, as a result, are a part of each other. Within Eastern Orthodoxy, salvation is a team effort; the Church and it parishioners are bound by faith. This extends beyond the pews into pulpit. The bound is so great within Eastern Orthodoxy that the parishioners elect church officials and have a voice in the dogmas it practices. Also, Eastern Orthodoxy encourages the active pursuit of God’s grace.
For Protestantism, Christianity is based on the concepts of "Justification by Faith and the Protestant Principle." Justification by Faith is the believing with your entire being. It’s believing with your body, heart, and mind. The Protestants believe that nothing the church has to offer matters unless it moves you to the core. Unless one is touched body, heart, and mind by what is being preached, the teachings amount to "mere mouthings." Why must they be touched body, heart, and mind? Believing body, heart, and mind convinces one that they are experiencing "God’s love" and when one experiences "God’s love" they are compelled to act from the good with genuine volition. In regards to the Protestant Principle, "it warns against idolatry" of any form or nature.
Yet, who is this Jesus that Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism believe in? To answer this, one would have to review the Jesus of history and the Jesus of faith. The Jesus of history, was born at or about four B.C. in Palestine and raised in Nazareth. He was baptized by John the Baptist. While in his thirties, Jesus developed a following of disciples due to his abilities to teach and heal. Soon he upset the majority, which included Jews and Romans. He was crucified as a result of his teachings and the message he was spreading. Jesus used the idea of God and the promise of a coming Messiah to "alleviate suffering and seek a new social order." He was able to so by three proclamations, "The Spirit of the Lord is upon me," "By the Spirit of God I cast out demons," and "Thy kingdom come, on earth." By proclaiming that the "Spirit of the Lord is upon me," Jesus is stating that he is the fulfillment of a prophecy. He is here to give monotheism a facelift. Man and God, man and the spirit world would no longer be separated. Jesus is stating that he has the power to affect change because he has the Spirit of God within him. By proclaiming "By the Spirit of God I cast out demons," Jesus is stating that he is here to exorcize not just the Jews but all of humanity of its wickedness. This was intended to promote community amongst inhabitants of earth. Finally, by proclaiming "Thy kingdom come, on earth," Jesus is stating that change can come about via civil disobedience. This started by challenging traditional customs and practice amongst the Jews. Jesus did believe that God was strictly for the "Chosen Ones." He believed that God was accessible to everyone, Jews and Gentiles alike. It must be noted that his was strictly a challenging of the social order and reaffirmation of God’s role in the lives of every human being.
The Jesus of Faith is arriving at via three descriptions, "He went about doing good," "Never spoke man thus," and "We have seen his glory." Jesus is described as going about doing good because he never placed much emphasis on his miraculous deeds. His intentions to make God accessible to everyone and to change the social order allowed for him to travel in many circles with relative ease. Because he was completely unaffected by the social rules of his time, many believed that this is how God would act if he were human. When Jesus is described as speaking unlike any other because he was an excellent orator, he was urgent, quick, vivid, and raw. Most important, though, it was his message that resonated most. Jesus was teaching that God matters and God loved all of humanity, not just the "Chosen Ones." Via his teachings and sermons, Jesus was implicitly encouraging revolution, not just of the social order but of the spiritual order, as well. Finally, to those who were fortunate to have witnessed Jesus in action, they believed they have seen God in the flesh. Jesus walked the walk and talked the talk. He lived as he taught. "From the accounts that we have, his entire life was one of humility, self-giving, and love that sought not its own." Jesus saw himself as the living embodiment of God. The example he lived would be a reflection of God. Jesus was "concerned with what people thought of God." Jesus truly lived according to God’s will.
Jesus’ life as perceived by those who believed in his message kick started a new religion. From the example of Jesus’ life, a feeling of regard for fellow man and the feeling of joy lived and experienced emerged. Amongst those who heeded the message, an understanding of Agape pervaded and the knowledge of the Holy Spirit dwelt inside. As the example and message spread, the growth in believers and converts gave rise to the Church. The Church initially promoted three doctrines, "the doctrine of Incarnation," "the doctrine of the Atonement," and "the Trinity." "The doctrine of Incarnation" proclaims that Jesus was God incarnate. This is important in that what is stated is that God had such a genuine interest into the affairs of man that he was willing to experience human life and suffer as man suffers. Succinctly stated, God was Jesus and Jesus was man, therefore, Jesus the man was God. "The doctrine of the Atonement" proclaims that Jesus’ life and crucifixion freed man from original sin that Jesus’ life and death redeemed humanity. Finally, "the Trinity" proclaims that although God is one being, he encompasses the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. What is intended by this proclamation is that God is still this supernatural being but he is also a living example and this living example was moved to remind us all of God’s love for humanity by the Holy Spirit which is accessible to all of us.
Sunday, October 5, 2008
(Late) Required Field Response: Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights
Give some brief background on the religion.
Buddhism started when Siddartha Gautama uttered the words, "I am awake." The moment he uttered those three words he became Buddha. Buddha’s story begins where Siddartha’s story ends, at the Bo tree. When Buddha awoke, he was enlightened and arrived at The Middle Way.
Buddha taught that the way to enlightenment first starts with knowing The Four Noble Truths. First there is dukkha. Dukkha is the belief that suffering is the cause of all life’s troubles. The cause of suffering is our need for attachment. Attachment to life, health, youth, love, and material possessions. Next, there is tanha. Tanha is the seeking of pleasure for one’s own self. Simply stated, selfishness. Tanha is, therefore, responsible for dukkha because it is our selfishness that causes our suffering. The third Noble Truth posits that once we understand our role in our suffering, i.e. selfishness, we will be relieved of the suffering our selfishness creates. Finally, the Fourth Noble Truth is The Eightfold Path.
Buddha prescribes The Eightfold Path as Noble Truth four as a guide to end suffering. The Four Noble Truths is meant to identify why we are in a spiritual funk and The Eightfold Path is the guide to get us out of that malaise. Although there are eight steps Buddha intended us to follow, Smith points out that there is an inferred ninth step and it is in fact the unspoken first step, right association. Right association simply means to be sure you are following someone who has all ready traveled down the path; be sure you have an excellent example to follow when starting out. With that said, The Eightfold Path begins with right knowledge. This step begins where The Four Noble Truths end. Right knowledge is the fourth noble truth. Next is right aspiration. Right aspiration is simply what we truly want from this life. It’s a decision that needs to be made by the one seeking enlightenment as to whether or not they want to pursue this for all the right reasons. Then there is right speech. Simply, be mindful of your words. Be careful of the things you say because they may come true. Once conscious of our words, then concentrate on speaking truthfully. Next is right behavior. Right behavior is also known as the Five Precepts of Buddhism. The Five Precepts are do not kill, do not steal, do not lie, and do not be unchaste. In Buddhism, the aforementioned are the equivalent to the Ten Commandments. Then is right livelihood. Right livelihood is either being a monk or finding work that contributes to all of society. Next is right effort. Right effort is exactly what is implies, doing what is morally right. Then there is right mindfulness. Right mindfulness is to be aware of one’s thoughts and one’s actions. To understand that our emotions and moods are not real and have no real baring on our reality. Right mindfulness implies that one is in tune with all there is, starting with one’s own self and how that self interacts with its reality. Finally, there is right absorption. Right absorption is how one contemplates on the aforementioned on a daily basis. It is the reminder as to why one has chosen to travel down this path.
After Buddha realized The Four Noble Truths and embraced The Eightfold Path, Buddha arrived at the basic concepts which drive Buddhism. The basic concepts are the Three Marks of Existence. The first mark is that the world consists of suffering (dukkha), the second mark is that we have no real identity (anatta), and the third mark is that nothing is permanent (annica). We must accept these if we are to achieve nirvana. Nirvana is the goal of all Buddhists.
There are three "differing schools of thought" within Buddhism, they are the Mahayana which is also known as the Big Raft, the Hinayana, or Theravada, which is also known as the Little Raft, and the Vajrayana which is also known as the Diamond Raft. The Mahayana and Theravada came to be after the Buddha’s death in an attempt to answer questions that have always divided mankind. First, the Mahayana. The Mahayana is the people’s religion. In it, the Buddha is deified. Salvation comes by way of the Buddha or by the efforts of the monk’s. Compassion is not an inherent quality, it is a quality that must be nurtured through hard work. Prayer is a part of worship. Mahayana’s are liberal. Next, the Theravada. The Theravada believe salvation rests within the individual, there is not God that will save you. Wisdom is the key to enlightenment and compassion is an inherent quality. Monastic life is the way to tap into your inner Buddha. Buddha is not a God, he was a teacher and a sage. Monks meditate rather than pray. Theravada’s are conservative. Finally, the is the Vajrayana. Vajrayana came to be in response to Mahayana deifying the Buddha. The Vajrayana believe that nirvana can be attained in this lifetime if one has the resolve to "realize Buddha’s wisdom and compassion." One has to maximize to their fullest all the energies they possess. Vajrayana practices Tantra as way to tap into the energies we are trying to release. This is done so by way of mantras, mudras, and mandalas
Give a detailed description of where you went and of the service you attended.
On Sunday, 5 October, 2008, I attended the Dharma Service held at Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights. Service began at 10:30am and ended at 12pm.
When driving into the Hsi Lai Temple, one is greeted with a sign that reads, " The best thing in the world is happiness. The noblest deed in the world is forming affinities." When entering the temple, one passes through a shrine that is guarded by 2 warriors, the Chien Lan Bodhi (statue on left of shrine) and the Skanda Bodhi (statue on right of shrine). Inside the shrine are 5 bodhisattvas, from left to right they are the bodhisattva of practice, vow, benevolence, compassion, and wisdom. The bodhisattva of practice represents the application of teachings. The bodhisattva of vow job represents the liberation of others. The bodhisattva of benevolence represents bringing joy and hope to the world. The bodhisattva of compassion represents mindfulness. Finally, the bodhisattva of wisdom represents the right path. When one passes through the shrine one enters the courtyard. Walking across the courtyard, one walks up a flight of stairs and is at the entrance of the Great Shrine or The Precious Hall of the Great Hero. Inside the shrine are 3 large statues of 3 Bodhisattvas, the bodhisattva Amitabha, the bodhisattva Sakyamuni, and the bodhisattva Medicine. Amitabha is the Teacher of the Western Pure Land, Sakyamuni is Buddha, and Medicine is the Teacher of Eastern Pure Land of Azure Radiance. The shrine had 2 columns of 8 velvet pews, one column on the left and one on the right. It had chandeliers hanging overhead, one large one in the center with 6 more springing out from it and an additional 16 more. The walls were lined with some 6150+ small statues of various bodhisattvas. Also, there were an additional 154 larger statues of various bodhisattvas. The service started off with incense burning and drums beating. The crowd was mostly Asian but did have some Caucasian practitioners. The service consisted of various chants such as the offering to Medicine, offering to the deceased, and the 88 precepts. During chants, monks will walk around and guide you to the exact place in the book so that you can follow along and chant with all the practitioners. When chanting ceased the service ended with a sermon given by a monk. At the end of services, practitioners and visitors are given a ticket to a vegetarian buffet.
Offer a reflection of the experience.
I was impressed with the architecture of the temple. When I walked into the courtyard I felt as if I were at the Forbidden City in China. Once services started, I found myself in tears. The chanting really touched my core. It was beautiful. I stood there with my eyes closed, taking it all in. When I realized I was crying I decided to try my best to follow along with the chants. Although it was difficult, I enjoyed the experience immensely. What I really appreciated was how during the service, the monk’s message emphasized "we." That moved me. It reminded me that it is our responsibility as to what happens in the world. That I am a part of the "we" and that the "we" is greater than I.
Buddhism started when Siddartha Gautama uttered the words, "I am awake." The moment he uttered those three words he became Buddha. Buddha’s story begins where Siddartha’s story ends, at the Bo tree. When Buddha awoke, he was enlightened and arrived at The Middle Way.
Buddha taught that the way to enlightenment first starts with knowing The Four Noble Truths. First there is dukkha. Dukkha is the belief that suffering is the cause of all life’s troubles. The cause of suffering is our need for attachment. Attachment to life, health, youth, love, and material possessions. Next, there is tanha. Tanha is the seeking of pleasure for one’s own self. Simply stated, selfishness. Tanha is, therefore, responsible for dukkha because it is our selfishness that causes our suffering. The third Noble Truth posits that once we understand our role in our suffering, i.e. selfishness, we will be relieved of the suffering our selfishness creates. Finally, the Fourth Noble Truth is The Eightfold Path.
Buddha prescribes The Eightfold Path as Noble Truth four as a guide to end suffering. The Four Noble Truths is meant to identify why we are in a spiritual funk and The Eightfold Path is the guide to get us out of that malaise. Although there are eight steps Buddha intended us to follow, Smith points out that there is an inferred ninth step and it is in fact the unspoken first step, right association. Right association simply means to be sure you are following someone who has all ready traveled down the path; be sure you have an excellent example to follow when starting out. With that said, The Eightfold Path begins with right knowledge. This step begins where The Four Noble Truths end. Right knowledge is the fourth noble truth. Next is right aspiration. Right aspiration is simply what we truly want from this life. It’s a decision that needs to be made by the one seeking enlightenment as to whether or not they want to pursue this for all the right reasons. Then there is right speech. Simply, be mindful of your words. Be careful of the things you say because they may come true. Once conscious of our words, then concentrate on speaking truthfully. Next is right behavior. Right behavior is also known as the Five Precepts of Buddhism. The Five Precepts are do not kill, do not steal, do not lie, and do not be unchaste. In Buddhism, the aforementioned are the equivalent to the Ten Commandments. Then is right livelihood. Right livelihood is either being a monk or finding work that contributes to all of society. Next is right effort. Right effort is exactly what is implies, doing what is morally right. Then there is right mindfulness. Right mindfulness is to be aware of one’s thoughts and one’s actions. To understand that our emotions and moods are not real and have no real baring on our reality. Right mindfulness implies that one is in tune with all there is, starting with one’s own self and how that self interacts with its reality. Finally, there is right absorption. Right absorption is how one contemplates on the aforementioned on a daily basis. It is the reminder as to why one has chosen to travel down this path.
After Buddha realized The Four Noble Truths and embraced The Eightfold Path, Buddha arrived at the basic concepts which drive Buddhism. The basic concepts are the Three Marks of Existence. The first mark is that the world consists of suffering (dukkha), the second mark is that we have no real identity (anatta), and the third mark is that nothing is permanent (annica). We must accept these if we are to achieve nirvana. Nirvana is the goal of all Buddhists.
There are three "differing schools of thought" within Buddhism, they are the Mahayana which is also known as the Big Raft, the Hinayana, or Theravada, which is also known as the Little Raft, and the Vajrayana which is also known as the Diamond Raft. The Mahayana and Theravada came to be after the Buddha’s death in an attempt to answer questions that have always divided mankind. First, the Mahayana. The Mahayana is the people’s religion. In it, the Buddha is deified. Salvation comes by way of the Buddha or by the efforts of the monk’s. Compassion is not an inherent quality, it is a quality that must be nurtured through hard work. Prayer is a part of worship. Mahayana’s are liberal. Next, the Theravada. The Theravada believe salvation rests within the individual, there is not God that will save you. Wisdom is the key to enlightenment and compassion is an inherent quality. Monastic life is the way to tap into your inner Buddha. Buddha is not a God, he was a teacher and a sage. Monks meditate rather than pray. Theravada’s are conservative. Finally, the is the Vajrayana. Vajrayana came to be in response to Mahayana deifying the Buddha. The Vajrayana believe that nirvana can be attained in this lifetime if one has the resolve to "realize Buddha’s wisdom and compassion." One has to maximize to their fullest all the energies they possess. Vajrayana practices Tantra as way to tap into the energies we are trying to release. This is done so by way of mantras, mudras, and mandalas
Give a detailed description of where you went and of the service you attended.
On Sunday, 5 October, 2008, I attended the Dharma Service held at Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights. Service began at 10:30am and ended at 12pm.
When driving into the Hsi Lai Temple, one is greeted with a sign that reads, " The best thing in the world is happiness. The noblest deed in the world is forming affinities." When entering the temple, one passes through a shrine that is guarded by 2 warriors, the Chien Lan Bodhi (statue on left of shrine) and the Skanda Bodhi (statue on right of shrine). Inside the shrine are 5 bodhisattvas, from left to right they are the bodhisattva of practice, vow, benevolence, compassion, and wisdom. The bodhisattva of practice represents the application of teachings. The bodhisattva of vow job represents the liberation of others. The bodhisattva of benevolence represents bringing joy and hope to the world. The bodhisattva of compassion represents mindfulness. Finally, the bodhisattva of wisdom represents the right path. When one passes through the shrine one enters the courtyard. Walking across the courtyard, one walks up a flight of stairs and is at the entrance of the Great Shrine or The Precious Hall of the Great Hero. Inside the shrine are 3 large statues of 3 Bodhisattvas, the bodhisattva Amitabha, the bodhisattva Sakyamuni, and the bodhisattva Medicine. Amitabha is the Teacher of the Western Pure Land, Sakyamuni is Buddha, and Medicine is the Teacher of Eastern Pure Land of Azure Radiance. The shrine had 2 columns of 8 velvet pews, one column on the left and one on the right. It had chandeliers hanging overhead, one large one in the center with 6 more springing out from it and an additional 16 more. The walls were lined with some 6150+ small statues of various bodhisattvas. Also, there were an additional 154 larger statues of various bodhisattvas. The service started off with incense burning and drums beating. The crowd was mostly Asian but did have some Caucasian practitioners. The service consisted of various chants such as the offering to Medicine, offering to the deceased, and the 88 precepts. During chants, monks will walk around and guide you to the exact place in the book so that you can follow along and chant with all the practitioners. When chanting ceased the service ended with a sermon given by a monk. At the end of services, practitioners and visitors are given a ticket to a vegetarian buffet.
Offer a reflection of the experience.
I was impressed with the architecture of the temple. When I walked into the courtyard I felt as if I were at the Forbidden City in China. Once services started, I found myself in tears. The chanting really touched my core. It was beautiful. I stood there with my eyes closed, taking it all in. When I realized I was crying I decided to try my best to follow along with the chants. Although it was difficult, I enjoyed the experience immensely. What I really appreciated was how during the service, the monk’s message emphasized "we." That moved me. It reminded me that it is our responsibility as to what happens in the world. That I am a part of the "we" and that the "we" is greater than I.
Wednesday, October 1, 2008
yahoo post #11
Discuss the main ideas in False Testament and compare the research to a more traditional perspective.
Daniel Lazare’s article, False Testament, is an article that points out inaccuracies in Hebrew history. He cites archaeology’s recent finds as proof that Judaism is based on a series of lies.
Lazare cites archaeological discoveries as showing that the Jews of the Holy Land were indigenous, that the great prophets of Judaism were possibly combinations of an assortment of local legends, that the great Jewish empire of David was nothing more than an invention, and that Judaism itself possibly blossomed between the two major conquests of Israel and Judah. From the evidence presented, Lazare states that Judaism and the creation of Israel is nothing more than a product "of big-power politics in which every nation aspired to the imperial greatness of Babylon or an Egypt." Lazare’s claims are especially explosive because Judaism is steeped in history. It is their history as the "Chosen Ones" that gives meaning to their lives and faith. Yet, to think that their history is comprised of pure and utter fabrication is mind blowing.
In Jewish history, the Exodus is what defines them as a people. "From the perspective of the Exodus everything fell into place. From the beginning God has been leading, protecting, and shaping his people for the decisive Exodus event that made of the Israelites a nation." This particular event in Jewish history gives them meaning in human existence and as a people, yet, Lazare points out that recent discoveries prove that the Exodus never occurred. He alludes to the fact that a review of Egyptian records reveal that there has never been any mention of a mass escape. Ever. In Jewish history, God revealed to the Jews that they are his "Chosen Ones." They are a nation of two kingdoms, Israel and Judah. They are a nation that is conquered by the Assyrians and the Babylonians because they did not heed God’s warning to get their act together. This particular event in history gave them meaning in suffering, yet, Lazare points out that Judaism as a religion didn’t even exist at this particular time in history. Also, the two kingdoms were not kingdoms at all. If anything, Judaism was just starting to develop in a strong Israel and a weak Judah after the Assyrian conquest and before the Babylonian conquest.
Lazare mentions the Exodus and the conquests of Israel and Judah as fodder for his claim. A claim that states that recent Jewish history attempts to exploit ancient Jewish history gave rise to what "Israeli archaeologist Eliezer Sukenik described as a specifically ‘Jewish archaeology." It is Jewish archaeology that has enabled politics, religion, and science to meld in Israel and around the world, which ultimately made it almost impossible to question any part of Jewish history. Yet, questioning it has proved to be damning. Not only were events found to be inaccurate in time and place but individuals themselves were found to be completely fabricated. Nothing in the bible, nothing in Jewish history turned out to be true.
Now the Jews are right where they began. They are left to question their history as a people, including all the meanings attributed to them. The are left to question the supposed acts of the collective and whether or not they really happened. They are left to question their history really and whether it is an accidental history or a purposeful one. And finally, they are left to question whether or not they should be decisive in accepting the recent discoveries concerning their history.
What do you think of this topic?
I have never put much into culture, faith, and tradition. I’ve always felt that the aforementioned is both a crutch and a trap. It is a crutch because one can lean too heavily on culture, faith, and tradition to the point where they are completely defined by said culture, faith, and tradition. Culture, faith, and tradition are a trap in that they do not leave to much room for diversity and inclusiveness, which ultimately can lead to arrogance and bigotry. With that said, I think this topic is a non-issue. Why? Whether historical dates are inaccurate or the religion was founded on lie mean nothing to me because it still won’t change the fact people believe it to be true. The history after the lie is all that matters and Judaism now has a history apart from the one purported in the Bible. Judaism exists, the Jews exists, Israel exists, these facts are something a lie cannot remove or take away from.
Daniel Lazare’s article, False Testament, is an article that points out inaccuracies in Hebrew history. He cites archaeology’s recent finds as proof that Judaism is based on a series of lies.
Lazare cites archaeological discoveries as showing that the Jews of the Holy Land were indigenous, that the great prophets of Judaism were possibly combinations of an assortment of local legends, that the great Jewish empire of David was nothing more than an invention, and that Judaism itself possibly blossomed between the two major conquests of Israel and Judah. From the evidence presented, Lazare states that Judaism and the creation of Israel is nothing more than a product "of big-power politics in which every nation aspired to the imperial greatness of Babylon or an Egypt." Lazare’s claims are especially explosive because Judaism is steeped in history. It is their history as the "Chosen Ones" that gives meaning to their lives and faith. Yet, to think that their history is comprised of pure and utter fabrication is mind blowing.
In Jewish history, the Exodus is what defines them as a people. "From the perspective of the Exodus everything fell into place. From the beginning God has been leading, protecting, and shaping his people for the decisive Exodus event that made of the Israelites a nation." This particular event in Jewish history gives them meaning in human existence and as a people, yet, Lazare points out that recent discoveries prove that the Exodus never occurred. He alludes to the fact that a review of Egyptian records reveal that there has never been any mention of a mass escape. Ever. In Jewish history, God revealed to the Jews that they are his "Chosen Ones." They are a nation of two kingdoms, Israel and Judah. They are a nation that is conquered by the Assyrians and the Babylonians because they did not heed God’s warning to get their act together. This particular event in history gave them meaning in suffering, yet, Lazare points out that Judaism as a religion didn’t even exist at this particular time in history. Also, the two kingdoms were not kingdoms at all. If anything, Judaism was just starting to develop in a strong Israel and a weak Judah after the Assyrian conquest and before the Babylonian conquest.
Lazare mentions the Exodus and the conquests of Israel and Judah as fodder for his claim. A claim that states that recent Jewish history attempts to exploit ancient Jewish history gave rise to what "Israeli archaeologist Eliezer Sukenik described as a specifically ‘Jewish archaeology." It is Jewish archaeology that has enabled politics, religion, and science to meld in Israel and around the world, which ultimately made it almost impossible to question any part of Jewish history. Yet, questioning it has proved to be damning. Not only were events found to be inaccurate in time and place but individuals themselves were found to be completely fabricated. Nothing in the bible, nothing in Jewish history turned out to be true.
Now the Jews are right where they began. They are left to question their history as a people, including all the meanings attributed to them. The are left to question the supposed acts of the collective and whether or not they really happened. They are left to question their history really and whether it is an accidental history or a purposeful one. And finally, they are left to question whether or not they should be decisive in accepting the recent discoveries concerning their history.
What do you think of this topic?
I have never put much into culture, faith, and tradition. I’ve always felt that the aforementioned is both a crutch and a trap. It is a crutch because one can lean too heavily on culture, faith, and tradition to the point where they are completely defined by said culture, faith, and tradition. Culture, faith, and tradition are a trap in that they do not leave to much room for diversity and inclusiveness, which ultimately can lead to arrogance and bigotry. With that said, I think this topic is a non-issue. Why? Whether historical dates are inaccurate or the religion was founded on lie mean nothing to me because it still won’t change the fact people believe it to be true. The history after the lie is all that matters and Judaism now has a history apart from the one purported in the Bible. Judaism exists, the Jews exists, Israel exists, these facts are something a lie cannot remove or take away from.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)